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ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (ANP): STRATEGI MEMENANGKAN PEMILU DAN PEMILUKADA

ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (ANP) : UNTUK KERJA-KERJA POLITIK

STRATEGI MEMENANGKAN PEMILU/PEMILUKADA
DENGAN ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS


PEDOMAN-PEDOMAN BAGI KADER PARTAI



MAT SAHUDI

.Konsultan Pangambilan Keputusan pada QASADA RISETSOLUTION
.Kontak : HP 0857 69200 798     email : matsahudi@yahoo.com


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ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS: ABSTRAKSI BEBERAPA STUDI APLIKASI ANP

                           ABSTRAKSI BEBERAPA STUDI APLIKASI ANP

Mat Sahudi
http://lokalatih.blogspot,com

 

BIDANG PEMAKAIAN antara lain:

1.    Conflict Resolution

2.    Marketing Decisions: Correct Cost Evaluation Comparisons, Product/Services Acquisition Selection

3.    Human Resources: Employee Selection/Qualification/Promotion, Quality Life & Working Time Scheduling, Incentive & Promotion Programs, Internal Benchmarking, Performance Test Evaluation, Task/Employee Assignment, etc.

4.    Medical Decision Making: Surgery Prioritization, Social Care Systems, Medical Aids, Best Alternative Medicine Set Combination, etc.

5.    Military Applications: Benefits of AHP/ANP versus game theory in handling Conflict Resolution, Strategic Situation Evaluation, Defense Projects Prioritizations, Maintenance Decision Process, Acquisitions, Contractors/Constructors Bidders Selection etc.

6.    General Resource Allocation & Optimization: Prioritization of Infrastructure Requirements, Optimum Investment Project Portfolio

7.    Environmental Applications: Waste Water/Garbage Treatment Technology Selection, Best Soil Use Definition, Mining Camp/Hazardous Site Allocation, Hazardous Chemical Material Path/Transport Media Selection.

 


UMUM

1.    The Analytic Hierarchy and Analytic Network Processes for the Measurement of Intangible Criteria and for Decision-Making  (Thomas L. Saaty, 2001)

Keywords:
Analytic Hierarchy Process - decision-making - prioritization - negative priorities - rating - benefits - opportunities - costs - risks
Abstract: 
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its generalization to dependence and feedback, the Analytic Network Process (ANP), are theories of relative measurement of intangible criteria. With this approach to relative measurement, a scale of priorities is derived from pairwise comparison measurements only after the elements to be measured are known. The ability to do pairwise comparisons is our biological heritage and we need it to cope with a world where everything is relative and constantly changing. In traditional measurement one has a scale that one applies to measure any element that comes along that has the property the scale is for, and elements are measured one by one, not by comparing them with each other. In the AHP paired comparisons are made with judgments using numerical values taken from the AHP absolute fundamental scale of 1-9. A scale of relative values is derived from all these paired comparisons and it also belongs to an absolute scale that is invariant under the identity transformation like the system of real numbers. The AHP/ANP is useful for making multicriteria decisions involving benefits, opportunities, costs and risks. The ideas are developed in stages and illustrated with examples of real life decisions. The subject is transparent and despite some mathematics, it is easy to understand why it is done the way it is along the lines discussed here.

2.    Analytic Network Process With Feedback Influence: A New Approach to Impact Study (Iwan J Azis, …)

Abstract:
This paper introduces a network model (Analytic Network Process) for impact study incorporating feedback influences, capable of capturing and combining tangible and intangible factors by using ratio scales. Contrasting it with a hierarchy model, some distinct features are identified. While the two rely on pair-wise comparison matrix and its corresponding eigenvector, the dependence of elements between clusters (outer dependence) and within cluster (inner dependence) in the network model necessitates the use of a stochastic supermatrix. Although there are different possibilities regarding the maximum eigen-value being equal to unity, i.e., multiple root or non-multiple root, the final priorities can be obtained by raising the supermatrix to large powers. Applying the model to an integrated impact and planning analysis of a highway construction, the results of the two models are found to be considerably different. It is revealed from sensitivity analysis that the outcomes of the network model are more stable and robust than those of the hierarchy model. A time dependent case is subsequently shown by using a numerical example.

Key words: hierarchy, network, cluster, element, stochastic supermatrix, eigenvector, highway impact.

 

3.    Analysis of Three Decision-making Methods : A Breast Cancer Patient as a Model (Kimbroe J. Carter, Nathan P. Ritchey, Frank Castro, Leonard P. Caccamo, Edward Kessler, and Barbara A. Erickson, 1999)

Purpose:
To compare three decision making techniques using a common clinical prob lem. Methods: Two recently developed methods, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the analytic network process (ANP), were compared with a Markov process in the evaluation of the optimal post-lumpectomy treatment strategy for an elderly woman with a mammographically detected, nonpalpable early-stage breast cancer. The follow ing treatment alternatives were considered: observation, radiation, tamoxifen, combi nation radiation and tamoxifen, and simple mastectomy. All three decision methods incorporated patient preferences. Results: The models agreed on the ranking of the preferred treatment, radiation and tamoxifen, but there were variations in the rankings of the other treatment choices. Individual differences between the three models were uncovered. The Markov process provided estimates of quality-adjusted life expectancy and distribution of health events. Both AHP and ANP required less development time than the Markov process. Conclusion: All three methods may be useful tools to the clinician in analyzing complex medical problems. The Markov is the most labor-inten sive method but provides detailed results, whereas the AHP and the ANP give only rank orders of the alternatives. The most important considerations in choosing between these methods are time to project completion and the detail of information sought. Key words: breast cancer; Markov process; analytic hierarchy process; analytic network process.
4.    A REGIONAL COOPERATION TO SUPPORT FINANCIAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION: AN APPLICATION OF A MODEL WITH UNCERTAINTY AND FEEDBACK INFLUENCES (Iwan J. Azis, )

Managing financial sector under a liberalized system is always difficult; it faces a risk of financial crisis. Financial managers in most emerging markets, be it in the corporate, banking or public sector, have experienced such a challenge, and those in East Asia have learned the hard lesson during the 1997–98 financial crisis. Although efforts have been made to restructure the domestic financial sector by imposing a better risk analysis, in a world of free capital flows there is no guarantee that the system can be totally impervious to a crisis. This implies that financial managers will continue to face a major challenge in terms of how to manage and prevent a financial catastrophe. They have given a particular attention to a possible cooperation with one another. In the case of East Asia, this will lead to the formation of a Regional Financial Arrangement (RFA). This study analyzes this process by focusing on the search for a particular form of RFA that would enable financial managers to better deal with the challenge of a crisis and prevent it whenever possible. Given the fact that the issue and the process of forming a regional cooperation/arrangement involves not only economic considerations but also political factors and other intangibles, a specific model known as the Analytic Network Process (ANP) is employed. It is revealed that financial managers and policy makers alike should not only consider the benefits and costs of each alternative form of RFA, but also the possible risks and opportunities that may arise. The extent to which financial managers will be able to cope with the challenge of a financial crisis depends on all these factors.
Keywords: Regional financial arrangement, Uncertainty, Managing crisis, Network, Feedback, Ratio scale, Analytic hierarchy process

5.    MENCARI SOLUSI RENDAHNYA PEMBIAYAAN BAGI HASIL DI PERBANKAN SYARIAH INDONESIA (Ascarya, Diana Yumanita, 2005)
A b s t r a c t
The lack of the profit and loss sharing (PLS) financing or the domination of the Non-PLS financing, especially murabahah, is a global phenomenon in Islamic banks everywhere. This paper analyses the problem in Indonesia using Analytic Network Process (ANP) methodology, preceeded with a focus group discussion (FGD) and an indepth interview with scholars and practitioners of Islamic banking to fully understand the problem and to develop an appropriate ANP network. The cause of this problem can be grouped into four aspects, namely 1) internal of the Islamic bank; 2) customer; 3) regulation; and 4) government and other institutions. This research finds that the cause of the lack of PLS financing of Islamic banks in Indonesia can be summed up into two main causes from internal and regulation aspects, namely the lack of understanding and quality of human resource (Islamic bankers) and the lack of supportive regulations. The suggested solution is to increase the understanding and the quality of human resource by setting the minimum budget for training and education, implementing the insentive or subsidy system, setting the minimum standard for managers of Islamic banks through periodical fit and proper test, conducting training for short term needs, and encouraging the establishment of Islamic economic and banking education institutions for long term needs. Other suggested solution is to give support through regulation by reviewing the non supporting regulation, such as the collectibility classification of PLS financing, and developing incentive system to increase PLS financing. Moreover, the most effective policy strategy to overcome the problems of Islamic banks is by implementing directed market driven strategy, where policies are intended to direct the development of Islamic banks to stay on its syariah tracks towards the desired development goals.

6.    An Analytic Network Process model for financial-crisis forecasting (Michael P. Niemira and Thomas L. Saaty, 2003)
Abstract
We discuss and develop an imbalance-crisis turning point model to forecast the likelihood of a financial crisis based on an Analytic Network Process framework. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a general theory of relative measurement used to derive composite-priority-ratio scales from individual-ratio scales that represent relative influence of factors that interact with respect to control criteria. Through its supermatrix, which is composed of matrices of column priorities, the ANP framework captures the outcome of dependence and feedback within and between clusters of explanatory factors. We argue that our framework is more flexible and is more comprehensive than traditional methods and previous models. We illustrate how the ANP model would be implemented for forecasting the probability of crises.
Author Keywords: Financial crises; Modeling; Analytic Network Process (ANP); 1991 U.S. banking crisis
7.    ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS MODEL FOR HIGHWAY CORRIDOR PLANNING (Mongkut Piantanakulchai, Ph.D, 2005)

Keywords: Analytic Network Process (ANP), highway corridor planning
Summary: The planning of highway alignment is a complex decision making that involves many objectives and stakeholders. Previous studies applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritize the alternatives of highway alignments. Standard AHP model could not accommodate the variety of interactions, dependencies, and feedback. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is helpful to deal with interdependent relationship within the multi-objectives and multi-stakeholders environment. This paper demonstrates how to empirically prioritize a set of alternatives by using ANP model. The paper first reviews the planning issues related to the highway corridor planning. Then related characteristics were used to structure the ANP model and scores were computed for prioritizing the potential highway alignments. Engineering practitioners may adopt the weighted criteria for alignment selection or apply the ANP method to prioritize their own set of selection criteria.



ECONOMY

1.    An Analytic Network Process model for financial-crisis forecasting (Michael P. Niemira, 2004)

We discuss and develop an imbalance-crisis turning point model to forecast the likelihood of a financial crisis based on an Analytic Network Process framework. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a general theory of relative measurement used to derive composite-priority-ratio scales from individual-ratio scales that represent relative influence of factors that interact with respect to control criteria. Through its supermatrix, which is composed of matrices of column priorities, the ANP framework captures the outcome of dependence and feedback within and between clusters of explanatory factors. We argue that our framework is more flexible and is more comprehensive than traditional methods and previous models. We illustrate how the ANP model would be implemented for forecasting the probability of crises.

2.    ANALYSIS OF NETWORK ECONOMY BY ANP/DNP (Petr Fiala, 2005)

Keywords: network economy, positive feedback, complementarity, Analytic Network Process, Dynamic Network Process

Summary:
The network economy is a term for today’s global relationship among economic subjects characterized by massive connectivity. The central act of the new era is to connect everything to everything in deep web networks at many levels of mutually interdependent relations, where resources  and activities are shared, markets are enlarged and costs and risk are reduced. Network systems contain both positive and negative feedbacks. A variety of feedback processes create complex system behavior. For the whole network seems to be very appropriate Analytic Network Process (ANP) approach. The ANP method makes possible to deal systematically with all kinds of dependence and feedback in the system. Dynamic models try to reflect changes in real or simulated time and take into account that the network model components are constantly evolving. Dynamic models use concepts of state variables, flows, and feedback processes. Dynamic Network process (DNP) as an extension of ANP can deal with time dependent priorities in network economy.

2.        Comparison of the analytic network process and the graph model for conflict resolution ( Xin Su, Ye Chen, Keith W. Hipel and D. Marc Kilgour, ….)

Abstract  
A comparison of two decision analysis tools for the analysis of strategic conflicts, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and the graph model for conflict resolution, is carried out by applying them to the China-US TV dumping conflict. Firstly, the graph model is introduced along with practical procedures for modeling and analyzing conflicts using the decision support software, GMCR II. Next, ANP is explained, emphasizing structural features and procedures for synthesizing priorities. Then a framework for employing ANP to analyze strategic conflicts is designed and used to compare ANP to the graph model. The case study of the China-US TV dumping conflict provides a basis for the graph model and ANP to be compared; different features of the approaches are highlighted. The study shows that because of different theoretical backgrounds, ANP and the graph model for conflict analysis both provide useful information which can be combined to furnish a better understanding of a strategic conflict.
Keywords  Strategic conflict - graph model for conflict resolution - Analytic Network Process - decision support system - China-US TV dumping conflict


BISNIS

1.    DYNAMIC ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS: IMPROVING DECISION SUPPORT FOR INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (Tom Feglar, Jason K. Levy, 2003)

Keywords:
AHP, ANP, Dynamic ANP, BUSINESS Rules Motivation Model, Architecture Framework, ICT Innovation

Summary:
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) becomes very important driven force that could have significant impact to the enterprise. It cannot be ignored thanks to competition. Massive ICT innovation could be too risky thanks unpredictable and complex impact. We focus our attention to the classification of various ICT based innovations that will allow us development of AHP/ANP/DNP class of models suitable for ICT driven innovation management. AHP/ANP/DNP methods are very powerful. At the same time it is difficult – especially in complex problems – design of appropriate hierarchical structure (AHP), the control structure (ANP) and decision horizon (DNP). Application of these methods to the ICT driven decisions could be significantly simplified if we integrate decision models to the enterprise architecture framework. In our paper we describe a set of classification criteria (derived from enterprise architecture perspective) and apply them to the classification of various papers dealing with ICT based innovation.

2.    An Application of the Analytic Network Process to the Advertising Media Budget Allocation Decision (Keith Coulter and Joseph Sarkis, 2006)

This study developed and tested a comprehensive model for media selection and budget allocation using the analytic network process (ANP; Saaty, 1996). ANP can be used to solve complex decision-making problems by integrating different measures (both qualitative/intangible and quantitative/tangible) into a single overall score for ranking decision alternatives. The resultant model may be used by expert or novice media planners with equal effectiveness. This study demonstrated how this model may be used to allocate media dollars for 2 industries: airlines and financial services.

3.    Product planning in quality function deployment using a combined analytic network process and goal programming approach (E. Ertugrul Karsak, Sevin Sozer,  S. Emre Alptekin , 2005)

ABSTRACT

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a customer-oriented design tool with cross-functional team members reaching a consensus in developing a new or improved product to increase customer satisfaction. QFD starts with the house of quality (HOQ), which is a planning matrix translating the customer needs into measurable product technical requirements (PTRs). A robust evaluation method should consider the interrelationships among customer needs and PTRs while determining the importance levels of PTRs in the HOQ. This paper employs the analytic network process (ANP) to fulfill this requirement. Furthermore, the proposed analytic procedure should take into account the multi-objective nature of the problem, and thus, incorporate other goals such as cost, extendibility and manufacturability of PTRs. This paper presents a zero-one goal programming methodology that includes importance levels of PTRs derived using the ANP, cost budget, extendibility level and manufacturability level goals to determine the PTRs to be considered in designing the product. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the application of the decision approach.

4.    The analytic network process (ANP) approach to location selection: a shopping mall illustration (Eddie W.L. Cheng dan Heng Li, Ling Yu, 2005)

Abstract:

This paper presents the employment of the analytic network process (ANP) to select the best site for a shopping mall. ANP is an innovative and robust multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) method because it can produce a comprehensive analytic framework for solving societal, governmental, and corporate decision problems. Yet, there is a lack of published papers in the construction field demonstrating the method with illustrative examples. In the current paper, it is suggested that ANP is appropriate for shopping mall location selection. An example is therefore demonstrated. In order to explicate the difference between ANP and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the findings obtained from the two methods are compared. Results of the comparison indicate that ANP is a powerful tool to solve the decision problem if interdependent relationships have substantial impacts in the decision model.

Keywords: AHP, ANP, Construction, Location, MCDM, Shopping mall

5.    EnvironalPlanning: Analytic Network Process Model for Environmentally Conscious Construction Planning (Zhen Chen, Heng Li, and Conrad T. C. Wong, 2005)
Abstract
Although the construction pollution index has been put forward and proved to be an efficient approach to reducing or mitigating pollution level during the construction planning stage, the problem of how to select the best construction plan based on distinguishing the degree of its potential adverse environmental impacts is still a research task. This paper first reviews environmental issues and their characteristics in construction, which are critical factors in evaluating potential adverse impacts of a construction plan. These environmental characteristics are then used to structure two decision models for environmental-conscious construction planning by using an analytic network process (ANP), including a complicated model and a simplified model. The two ANP models are combined and called the EnvironalPlanning system, which is applied to evaluate potential adverse environmental impacts of alternative construction plans. 
6.    Selection of logistics service provider: An analytic network process (ANP) approach (Sanjay Jharkharia and Ravi Shankar, 2005).
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive methodology for the selection of a logistic service provider. The proposed methodology consists of two parts: (i) preliminary screening of the available providers, and (ii) analytic network process (ANP)-based final selection. The criteria, which are relevant in the selection of a provider, have been identified and used to construct an ANP model. Thereafter, the application of ANP for the final selection of a provider has been demonstrated through an illustrative example. The results of this example indicate that compatibility between the user and the provider companies is the most important determinant, which influences the final selection process. This approach also enables the decision-makers to better understand the complex relationships of the relevant attributes in the decision-making, which may subsequently improve the reliability of the decision.
Keywords: Logistics outsourcing; Third-party logistics provider; Analytic network process.
7.    Using analytic network process and goal programming for interdependent information system project selection (by Jin Woo Lee, Soung Hie Kim, 2000)
Abstract

Information system(IS) project selection problems are multi-criteria decision-marking(MCDM) problem. Existing methods for IS project selection does not reflect interdependencies among criteria and candidate projects. Considering these interdependencies among criteria provides valuable cost savings and greater benefits to organizations. When we evaluate project problems, we need to collect a group opinion because to know the interdependence relationship among criteria and criteria in considered project problems is very important. In order to collect group opinion for interdependent project problem, we use expert interview.   In this paper, we suggest an improved IS project selection methodology which reflect interdependencies among evaluation criteria and candidate projects using analytic network process(ANP) within a zero-one goal programming (ZOGP) model.

8.    Fuzzy analytic network process and its application to the development of decision support systems (L. Mikhailov; 2003)


Summary:

In this paper we propose a fuzzy extension of the analytic network process (ANP) that uses uncertain human preferences as input information in the decision-making process. Instead of the classical Eigenvector prioritization method, employed in the prioritization stage of the ANP, a new fuzzy preference programming method, which obtains crisp priorities from inconsistent interval and fuzzy judgments is applied. The resulting fuzzy ANP enhances the potential of the ANP for dealing with imprecise and uncertain human comparison judgments. It allows for multiple representations of uncertain human preferences, as crisp, interval, and fuzzy judgments and can find a solution from incomplete sets of pairwise comparisons. An important feature of the proposed method is that it measures the inconsistency of the uncertain human preferences by an appropriate consistency index. A prototype decision support system realizing the proposed method is developed, and its performance is illustrated by examples.

9.    An analytic network process-based approach to concept evaluation in a new product development environment (Z. Aya; R. G. özdemr, 2007)

Abstract

Selecting the best product concept is one of the most critical tasks in a new product development (NPD) environment. Making decisions at this stage becomes very difficult due to imprecise and uncertain product requirements. So, the evaluation process of determining the most satisfying conceptual design has been a very vital issue for companies to survive in fast-growing markets for a long time. Therefore, most companies have used various methods to successfully carry out this difficult and time-consuming process. Of these methods, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been widely used in multiple-criteria decision-making problems (i.e. concept selection, equipment evaluation). In this study, however, we use an analytic network process (ANP), a more general form of AHP, due to the fact that AHP cannot accommodate the variety of interactions, dependencies and feedback between higher and lower level elements. Briefly, in this paper, an ANP-based approach is presented to evaluate a set of conceptual design alternatives in order to reach to the best concept satisfying the needs and expectations of both customers and company. In addition, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
Keywords: New product development; Concept selection; Multiple-criteria decision-making; Analytic network process.

10. Designing a fourth-party e-commerce logistics centre: a Benefit, cost and risk analysis using AHP and ANP models (Yer V. Hui, Lawrence C. Leung, Gang Fu and Waiman Cheung, …)

Abstract:
The global trend of e-commerce and use of information technology is transforming the business structure of many industries and the air cargo industry is no exception. The requirement for information integration is unprecedented in the air cargo industry. The Hong Kong Government (via Airport Authority) has initiated efforts to establish a high-tech logistics centre, which could allow the leasing of both information infrastructure and physical facilities without requirement of ownership. Like any public infrastructure project, a vast amount of investment is required and there is a vast amount of risk involved as well. The success of such a centre depends on the commitment of three parties: the Hong Kong Government, the investors, and the users. While each party plays an important role towards the centre’s success, their interests might differ and in some cases be conflicting. In this paper, we evaluate the benefits, costs, and risks of such a logistic centre using a series of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and analytic network process (ANP) models. It is shown that the proposed models can be used to examine the sharing of benefits, costs and risks such that a design agreeable to all parties can be determined.
Keywords: Fourth-party logistics centre; e-commerce; infrastructure project; benefit-cost-risk analysis; AHP; ANP


11. Levels of Meaning and Levels of Analysis: Exploring Micro-Macro, Local-global Interface Problems with  the International Futures Simulation (IFs), using Hawaii as an Exemplar ( Richard W. Chadwick, …)

Abstract

A few years ago, Barry Hughes and I embarked on a project to understand what was needed for his global model, the International Futures simulation (IFs), to be more useful for exploring local development issues from a policy planning perspective.  The central methodological question was how to relate global change to local decision-making concerns and decision-making.  After setting IFs’ development in the context of globalization and futures studies, results to date are presented for an IFs application to Hawaii as a exemplar for futures research with global models.  This essay aims first to clear away some intellectual underbrush, then focus on only two or three of the hundreds of trends IFs generates for Hawaii and the rest of the world, in particular demographic projections to 2025 and some economic data.  I then examine those trends for a few of their possible public policy implications, and lightly touch on the analytic network process (ANP) decision analysis software used to organize information for policy making purposes.

12. Supporting the Module Sequencing Decision in the ERP Implementation Process (Petri Hallikainen, Harri Kimpimäki and Hannu Kivijärvi, …)

Abstract
An important part of the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system implementation process is the decision, which modules are implemented and in which order. We posit that the decision of the module sequencing involves a myriad of issues, such as, investment costs and risks, key business requirements and solution constraints. We develop and test an ANP (Analytic Network Process) model to support the sequencing decision. Through the ANP analysis a preferred module implementation sequence is achieved in the case company. Moreover, the practical applicability of the method is discussed in the paper.

13.  Use of Analytic Network Process for Supply Chain Management (Tomokatsu Nakagawa* and Kazuyuki Sekitani, ….)

Abstract

Strategic decision analysis on Supply Chain Management (SCM) involves tangible and intangible factors and it needs to be evaluated by interdependent multiple criteria. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a practical and popular decision-making tool for SCM. Interdependency among criteria becomes a source of difficulty in directly applying AHP to various SCM decision problems. Hence, the managerial issue is examined by Analytic Network Process (ANP), the general form of AHP. This study addresses a new use of ANP on SCM strategic decision analysis such as a supplier selection and improvement of supply chain performance.
Keywords: E-business, Analytic network process, Supply chain management

14. APLIKASI ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (ANP) PADA PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENGUKURAN KINERJA (Studi Kasus pada PT. X) (Iwan Vanany, )

ABSTRAK
Makalah ini membahas aplikasi Analytic Network Process (ANP) untuk mendukung pembobotan pada perancangan sistem pengukuran kinerja dengan metode Balanced Scorecard. Selama ini, pembobotan yang ada menggunakan metode yang mengabaikan saling keterkaitan antar strategi objektif dengan Key Performance Indicator (KPI-KPI) -nya. Metode yang sering digunakan didalam pembobotan ini adalah Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Kondisi ini sebenarnya tidak mencerminkan konsep Strategy Map dari Balanced Scorecard oleh karena itu perlu diaplikasikan metode pembobotan lain yang memperhatikan saling ketergantungan antara ukuran kinerja yang satu dengan yang lain. Aplikasi pembobotan dengan metode ANP dilakukan pada PT. X salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak didalam penyediaan listrik. Dari hasil perancangan sistem pengukuran kinerja PT. X berupa strategi objektif, Key Performance Indicator (KPI) dan Strategy Map-nya, akan dilakukan pembobotan dengan metode ANP. Pemodelan pada konteks ANP didasarkan atas Strategy Mapnya. Hasil aplikasi menunjukkan bahwa jenis keterkaitan model Strategy Map pada Balanced Scorecard di PT. X adalah Feedback Network (hiernet) dengan fenomena inner dependence dan outer dependence. Perspektif pada  Balanced Scorecard identik dengan cluster pada ANP, sedangkan strategi objektif dan KPI identik dengan elemen dan sub elemen. Hasil pembobotan dengan metode ANP menunjukkan adanya kulminasi nilai bobot pada perspektif finansial dari Strategy Map di PT. X.

Kata kunci: Sistem Pengukuran Kinerja, Balanced Scorecard, Analytic Network Process.

15. Contractor selection using the analytic network process (EDDIE W. L. CHENG and HENG LI, 2003)

Contractor selection is one of the main activities of clients. Without a proper and accurate method for selecting the most appropriate contractor, the performance of the project will be affected. The multi-criteria decisionmaking (MCDM) is suggested to be a viable method for contractor selection. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used as a tool for MCDM. However, AHP can only be employed in hierarchical decision models. For complicated decision problems, the analytic network process (ANP) is highly recommended since ANP allows interdependent influences specified in the model. An example is demonstrated to illustrate how this method is conducted, including the formation of supermatrix and the limit matrix.

Keywords: Analytic network process, analytic hierarchy process, multi-criteria decision making, contractor
16. FARMLAND APPRAISAL: AN ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (ANP) APPROACH (Mónica García-Melón, Javier Ferrís-Oñate, Jerónimo Aznar-Bellver, Rocío Poveda-Bautista, …)

Keywords: farmland appraisal, ANP

Summary:
This paper presents an application of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to farmland appraisal with the purpose of solving some of the drawbacks found in classical appraisal methods. The ANP provides a more accurate approach for modelling complex environment and it is especially useful when data are only partially available, qualitative variables are used and influences among the explanatory variables are present, which are very common situations in the appraisal context. As an illustration, the new methodology has been applied to a case study of a farm located in Valencia (Spain) using three different models. The results obtained show that the more information is incorporated into the model, the higher accuracy of the solution, so the presented ANP methodology stands out as a good alternative to current farmland appraisal approaches.

17. A BALANCED ANALYTIC APPROACH TO STRATEGIC ELECTRONIC COMMERCE DECISIONS: A FRAMEWORK OF THE EVALUATION METHOD
Choice, not chance, determines human destiny (God’s Lil’ Instruction Book II)

Abstract

This chapter presents a comprehensive model for optimal electronic commerce strategy and extends the relatively novel Analytic Network Process (ANP) approach to solving quantitative and qualitative complex decisions in electronic commerce strategy. A systematic framework for the identification, classification and evaluation of electronic commerce (e-commerce) strategy using the Internet as an information, communication, distribution, or transaction channel that is interdependent with generic business strategies is proposed. The proposed methodology could help researchers and practitioners understand the relation between the benefits organizations seek from an information technology and the strategies they attempt to accomplish with the technology. As companies all over the world come out of restructuring, downsizing and business process re-engineering, many are realizing that in order to achieve a competitive edge they must formulate and implement strategies based on innovation and development of e-commerce. This chapter identifies and analyzes the methodology for synergistic integration of business and Internet domain strategies.

18. University-Industry Alliance Partner Selection Method Based on ISM and ANP (MA Ning, LI Xue-wei, )

Abstract:
From the point of view of transaction cost theory, resource-based theory and value chain theory, it is reasonable and feasible to set up University-Industry alliance (UI alliance). Combining the character of UI alliance with the experience of specialist, the UI alliance partner selection method based on ISM and ANP is put forward. In the UI alliance partner selection evaluation system, ANP method is applied to analyze the interrelationships between one criteria and another. Through ISM method, the complex relationships in UI alliance partner selection evaluation system can be transformed into matrix model, and the final interrelationships of evaluation system will be acquired by a series of matrix operations. Compared with the traditional alliance partner selection method based on AHP, the method based on ISM and ANP has broader practical significance.

Keywords: Analytic network process (ANP), Interpretive structural modeling (ISM), Partner selection, University-industry alliance

19. A Semi-Structured Process for ERP Systems Evaluation: Applying Analytic Network Process (Huan-Jyh Shyur, 2003)

Abstract
This paper illustrates a four-step semi-structured process for ERP system evaluation. We suggest using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) for qualitative reviews of ERP, reviews involving multiple criteria and interdependency of properties. The ANP method is based on the feedback system framework of the well-known Analytic Hierarchy Process. A case study indicates that the evaluated aspects of the method are feasible and the method improves the quality of ERP system selection compared with traditional approaches.

Keywords: Enterprise Resource Planning, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Analytic Network Process, Weighted Score Method.

20. An Analytical Network Process Evaluation of Strategic Flexibility (Carolyn Lousteau and Joseph Sarkis, 1995)
Numerous definitions and difficulty in quantifying and analyzing flexibility have made choosing a flexibility objective difficult for firms, as evidenced in the extant literature. To help management integrate the appropriate flexibility into their strategy formulation an analytic approach may be helpful. We will address the issue of analytically defining strategic flexibility within this paper. A brief background discussion on the need and types of organizational flexibility will set the foundation for the analytical model. The model will utilize Saaty's [1988] system with feedback approach to address the issue of integrating flexibility into organizational strategic direction.
21. A STRATEGIC EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR ELECTRONIC PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES (Gülçin Büyüközkan, Türkay Dereli,, Adil Baykasoglu, )

Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to help define and introduce the success factors of electronic product development (e-PD). Firstly, the paper explores the main and sub components of e-PD. These components are then integrated into a strategic assessment and evaluation tool using analytical network process.
Keywords: Electronic product development; Analytic network process; Multi-criteria decision making

22. ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS AND GOAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR MULTI-PERIOD LOT-SIZING WITH SUPPLIER SELECTION (Ezgi Aktar Demirtas, Özden Üstün, )

Abstract:
This paper presents a multi-period inventory lot sizing scenario, where there is single product and multiple suppliers. Products can be sourced from a set of approved suppliers and a supplier-dependent transaction costs occur for each period in which an order is placed on supplier. Suppliers have single-level constrained resources. Levels here refer to the different levels in a bill of material structure where dependency of requirements exists, and constrained resources refer to production capacity limitations. A product-dependent holding cost per period applies for product in the inventory that is carried across a period in planning horizon but no backlogging is allowed. By considering this dynamic structure, an integrated approach of Goal Programming (GP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) is suggested. This integrated approach proposes a two-stage mathematical model to evaluate the suppliers and to determine their shipment allocations given a number of tangible and intangible criteria.
Keywords: Supplier selection, Analytic Network Process, Goal Programming, Multi-criteria decision making, Multi-period lot- sizing

23. An Application of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) for University Selection Decisions (Kochoke Poonikom, Christopher O’Brien and Chuvej Chansa-ngavej )

 ABSTRACT:
Choosing to attend the right university for first degree study is one of the most complex real-life problems for some prospective students and their guardians. In addition, the outcome of the decision will affect not only the decision-makers but also their family, society and ultimately all sectors of the country. As such, selecting the universities is a critical decision that is just as important as making business decisions. From statistical data, the dropout rate after first year of university and a rate of lateral transfer from one faculty to another in public university are high. Therefore, students need to have a framework to assist them in achieving their lifetime goals. The research methodology begins with investigating and determining the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) influencing university selection decisions from relevant sources. Then, the process of synthesis using Nominal Group Technique (NGT) is implemented with small expert group and grouping them to each main factor/cluster with Affinity Diagram Technique (ADT). The university ranking with a systematic framework, called Analytical Network Process (ANP), is constructed. The Delphi method and focus group are applied to elicit experts’ opinion for identifying membership and relationship of the clusters/elements. Our objective is to test the ANP applicability with the process of selecting a university program. The paper proposes a framework to select universities for prospective students in order to achieve their different objectives and purposes. The framework consists of a series of steps that begin with the identification of the overall goal to achieve the desired result. Sensitivity analysis is also performed on multiple control criteria and sub-criteria. ANP is used to resolve this decision, rather than just the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which cannot accommodate the variety of interactions, dependencies and feedback between higher and lower level elements. According to priorities grouped under benefits, costs and risks within the control criteria, the results are based upon the relationships between clusters. Several scenarios are analyzed by varying different weights and ratings in the model to determine their effect on the results. Consequently, one can identify the most “satisfactory” university program on the basis of a number of both objective and subjective attributes and the proposed model is applied to the engineering discipline in Thailand.

KEYWORDS: multiple-criteria decision making, Analytic Network Process (ANP), university selection.

24. Development strategies for competency models (Yu-Ting Lee,Wei-WenWu,   )

Abstract.
Evaluating strategies for developing competency models is a kind of mu1tiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem required to consider a large number of complex factors as multiple-criteria. Many traditional MCDM methods are based on the independence assumption, whereas the Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a MCDM method which can deal with all kinds of dependences systematically. Since the ANP has these advantages, in this paper, we develop an effective method based on the ANP to evaluate and select strategies for developing competency models, and in order to show the proposed model we present an empirical study of the Taiwan high-technology industry as a demonstration. The results show that the classic method with external experts is the preferred development strategy.
Keywords: Competency models; Mu1tiple criteria decision-making (MCDM); Analytic network process (ANP)

25. Modeling the metrics of lean, agile and leagile supply chain: An ANP-based approach (Ashish Agarwal, Ravi Shankar, M.K. Tiwari, 2004)

Abstract
With the emergence of a business era that embraces _change_ as one of its major characteristics,  manufacturing success and survival are becoming more and more difficult to ensure. The emphasis is on adaptability to changes in the business environment and on addressing market and customer needs proactively. Changes in the business environment due to varying needs of the customers lead to uncertainty in the decision parameters. Flexibility is needed in the supply chain to counter the uncertainty in the decision parameters. A supply chain adapts the changes if it is flexible and agile in nature. A framework is presented in this paper, which encapsulates the market sensitiveness, process integration, information driver and flexibility measures of supply chain performance. The paper explores the relationship among lead-time, cost, quality, and service level and the leanness and agility of a case supply chain in fast moving consumer goods business. The paper concludes with the justification of the framework, which analyses the effect of market winning criteria and market qualifying criteria on the three types of supply chains: lean, agile and leagile.

Keywords: Agility; Flexibility; Supply chain; Analytic network process

26. Multiple Objectives and Multiple Actors Load/Resource Dispatching or Priority Setting: Satisficing Game Approach (A. Ph. Tchangani, 2006)

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the problem of dispatching a production load of a certain good or a resource (money, energy, water, ...) among a group of production units or alternatives; or simply establishing priority for that group of alternatives when optimizing a number of (possible) antagonist objectives (cost, benefit, environnmental impact, reliability, safety, ...) in pressence of different actors or stakeholders that do not have the same opinion regarding the importance of each objective. The first part of this problem (single stakeholder or a group of stakeholders acting as one person) is a part of more general problems known in the literature as multiple objetives/criteria optimization/decision aid problems that are widely recognized as a framework for realistic and practical decision making by individuals or corporates. There are few works in the literature that combine multiple objectives and multiple stakeholders for modeling decision making problems whereas such problems are common in practice. In this paper we will adopt a hierarchical analysis approach that will go from general purpose objectives to more precise objectives about which stakeholders are able to do one-on-one comparisons in the framework of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) or its network extension (ANP) to determine some relative weights for objectives. These weights are then used in the process of computing the “satisfiability (selectability and rejectability) functions” using satisficing game theory and finally a set of “satisficing” or “good enough” allocations, assignments, dispatchings or settings is defined to be those for which the selectability exceeds the rejectability with regard to a boldeness index. The boldeness index is a parameter that permits decision maker(s) to adjust the size of satisficing set leading to some flexibility. Two real world problems (porfolio management and thermal power dispatch) are solved by this approach to show its applicability.

Keywords: Multiple Objectives Decision Making, AHP, Satisficing Game Theory, Multiple Actors.

27. Evaluation of connection types in design for disassembly (DFD) using analytic network process (Askiner Güngör, 2006)

ABSTRACT
Design for disassembly (DFD) is an important design concept to make products more friendly for maintenance and remanufacturing practices. One of the important issues in DFD guidelines is related with the selection of the connectors used in the product. This paper evaluates the alternative connection types using the powerful analytic network process (ANP). The paper generates a complete ANP model, which includes all important aspects of connector selection. The model presented evaluates alternative connectors by including the three main concerns: (1) making product disassembly friendly; (2) making product assembly efficient; and (3) increasing the product performance when it is in-use. The results obtained from the model can benefit designers in making better decisions on selecting connectors to be used in the product. Benefits of the approach is detailed through illustrative example.


Abstract
Architectural project selection means identifying some alternative projects in order to maximize the net benefit to the organization and allocating resources only among those alternatives, within the given constraints on resources. To select the best set of proposed architectural projects in an organization is difficult because there are lots of multiple factors such as project risk, corporate goals, limited availability of firmfs architectural resources, etc., in the candidate architectural projects. The architectural project selection problems are Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problems. Prior project selection techniques are useful, however, they have restricted application because they generally depend on the assumption of independence among the candidate projects and criteria. In this paper, we suggest an improved architectural project selection methodology which reflects interdependencies among evaluation criteria and candidate projects using analytic network process (ANP) within a zero-one goal programming (ZOGP) model. In order to provide a systematic approach to set priorities among multicriteria and trade-off among objectives, ANP is suggested to be applied prior to GP formulation. Although goal programming incorporates multiple objectives and arrives at an optimal solution, its major drawback is that the decision maker(s) must specify goals and priorities a priori. In order to overcome this problem, group discussion is needed. In this research, we suggested an integrated approach for interdependent architectural project selection problems using Fuzzy Delphi, Analytic Network Process concept and Zero-One Goal Programming. Finally, we introduce a method of solution through a housing project case example using ANP. Using this method we solve problems having multiple criteria, interdependence and resource feasibility.
Keywords :Architectural project; Multi-Criteria; Interdependence; Fuzzy Delphi; Analytic Network Process (ANP); Zero-One Goal Programming (ZOGP

29. Analyzing alternatives in reverse logistics for end-of-life computers: ANP and balanced scorecard approach (V. Ravi, Ravi Shankar, M. K. Tiwari, 2005)

ABSTRACT
Activities in reverse logistics activities are extensively practiced by computer hardware industries. One of the important problems faced by the top management in the computer hardware industries is the evaluation of various alternatives for end-of-life (EOL) computers. Analytic network process (ANP) based decision model presented in this paper structures the problem related to options in reverse logistics for EOL computers in a hierarchical form and links the determinants, dimensions, and enablers of the reverse logistics with alternatives available to the decision maker. In the proposed model, the dimensions of reverse logistics for the EOL computers have been taken from four perspectives derived from balanced scorecard approach, viz. customer, internal business, innovation and learning, and finance. The proposed approach, therefore, links the financial and non-financial, tangible and intangible, internal and external factors, thus providing a holistic framework for the selection of an alternative for the reverse logistics operations for EOL computers. Many criteria, sub-criteria, determinants, etc. for the selection of reverse logistics options are interrelated. The ability of ANP to consider interdependencies among and between levels of decision attributes makes it an attractive multi-criteria decision-making tool. Thus, a combination of balanced scorecard and ANP-based approach proposed in this paper provides a more realistic and accurate representation of the problem for conducting reverse logistics operations for EOL computers.


30. Product Mix Optimization for Semiconductor Manufacturing Based on AHP and ANP Analysis (Shu-Hsing Chung, Amy H.I. Lee, and W.L. Pearn, 2003)

Abstract
In a competitive market, a company needs to utilize its available capacity efficiently in order to acquire high profit. The purpose of this paper is to present effective approaches to find a set of product mix optimal for the company to achieve the optimal manufacturing. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and analytic network process (ANP) approaches are taken to analyse multiple process inputs and outputs, incorporating experts opinion on their priority of importance, to obtain optimal product mixes for semiconductor production. The results provide guidance to the fabricator regarding strategies for accepting orders to maximize the manufacturing efficiency and the profit, while simultaneously considering other important input and output factors for maintaining manufacturing smoothness.
Keywords Analytic hierarchy process - Analytic network process - Efficiency - Product mix - Semiconductor fabricator

31. R&D project selection using ANP...the analytic network process (
Meade, L.A.; Presley, 2002)

Summary:
This article discusses using the analytic network process (ANP) for decision-making. ANP allows qualitative values to be transformed into quantitative values for comparative analysis. The ANP is a relatively simple, intuitive approach that managers and other decision-makers can accept.

32. Development of a balanced scorecard: An integrated approach of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) (Jitesh Thakkar, S.G. Deshmukh, A.D. Gupta, Ravi Shankar, 2007)

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an integrated qualitative and quantitative approach to the development of a balanced scorecard (BSC) for a real life case company KVIC (Khadi and Village Industries Commission, organic food sector, India).
Design/methodology/approach – In this paper the semi-structured interviews with director, managers, professional consultant, review of published reports and observations made during research work are considered as basis.

Findings – This paper illustrates how the use of a mix approach of cause and effect diagram, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) can address some of the shortcomings related to the development of BSC in the light of a real life case company KVIC (Khadi Village and Industry Commission, organic food sector India). The paper delivers a complete framework of BSC for the case company.

Research limitations/implications – The paper outlines the limitations of proposed approach in regard to validity of present logical relationships among various objectives of organization in the futuristic environment and indicates the need for a computer software system, which can improve the efficiency of proposed approach.


Practical implications – In the paper a number of case studies report the fact that companies have attempted to derive measures from strategy, based on cause-and-effect reasoning, but the claimed link between strategy and measures appeared weak in analysis (Malmi, 2001). The paper establishes the basis for integrating organization's strategic intent with the identification of performance measures and at large development of BSC.
Originality/value – The paper shows that present work demonstrates the use of an innovative approach to the development of performance measurement system at one end while to deliver a workable framework of balanced scorecard for a real life case company is the objective of the other end. The present work encapsulates the philosophy of strategy maps using a mix of quantitative and qualitative approach for a real life case.

33. A MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING APPROACH FOR  THE EVALUATION OF RETAIL LOCATION (Y. Ilker Topcu, Sebnem Burnaz , 2006)

Keywords: Retail Location, Multiple Criteria in Marketing, Analytic Network Process

Summary:
This study proposes an ANP based evaluation of retail locations. Authors acted as decision analysts and interacted with professionals in Turkish apparel retailing sector for acquiring their knowledge and expertise. As a result evaluation criteria of the study were identified. These criteria are clustered into five groups: store, other retailers, shopping center/business district, accessibility, and environmental. The relations among criteria were assessed and a network was formed. ANP approach was then utilized in order to evaluate possible retail locations for apparel stores. Besides global preferences of these alternatives, relative importance of the criteria was also revealed.

34. Contractor selection using the analytic network process ( Eddie W. L. Cheng; Heng Li, 2004)
Abstract:
Contractor selection is one of the main activities of clients. Without a proper and accurate method for selecting the most appropriate contractor, the performance of the project will be affected. The multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is suggested to be a viable method for contractor selection. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used as a tool for MCDM. However, AHP can only be employed in hierarchical decision models. For complicated decision problems, the analytic network process (ANP) is highly recommended since ANP allows interdependent influences specified in the model. An example is demonstrated to illustrate how this method is conducted, including the formation of supermatrix and the limit matrix.
35. A MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MODEL FOR TURKISH SOFT DRINK  INDUSTRY (Sebnem Burnaz, Y. Ilker Topcu, 2003)

Keywords: ANP, soft drink, market share, consumer preference

Summary:
This research is based on quantifying consumer preference in soft drink industry for a cola brand by using an integrated multi-criteria decision aid approach. The analytic network process model is used to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the problem on hand. In accordance with the sequence of decision making process, after structuring the problem and constructing the decision model, a quantitative analysis is conducted in order to assess the importance of the related factors and predict the market shares of the key players in the industry. Predicted values are compared with actual ones for validation of the whole process. The assessed importance of the factors, in a valid model, would be a potential competitive advantage for the key players in the industry.

36.  The analytic network process (ANP) approach to location selection: a shopping mall illustration (Cheng, Eddie W.L.; Li, Heng; Yu, Ling, 2005)
Abstract:
This paper presents the employment of the analytic network process (ANP) to select the best site for a shopping mall. ANP is an innovative and robust multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) method because it can produce a comprehensive analytic framework for solving societal, governmental, and corporate decision problems. Yet, there is a lack of published papers in the construction field demonstrating the method with illustrative examples. In the current paper, it is suggested that ANP is appropriate for shopping mall location selection. An example is therefore demonstrated. In order to explicate the difference between ANP and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the findings obtained from the two methods are compared. Results of the comparison indicate that ANP is a powerful tool to solve the decision problem if interdependent relationships have substantial impacts in the decision model.
37. Pemilihan Aircraft Engine Workshop dengan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Proses (AHP) (I Nyoman Sutapa, 2002)
aBSTRAK
Analytic Network Process (ANP) merupakan salah satu metode pengambilan keputusan terbaru yang mampu memperhitungkan hubungan secara dependensi dan feedback antar elemen pengambil keputusan. Keunggulan lain dari metode ini adalah kemampuannya untuk memodelkan situasi pengambilan keputusan yang kompleks, dan terus berobah.
Penelitian ini diterapkan pada studi kasus PT. Merpati Nusantara Airlines (PT. MNA), untuk memutuskan altematif terbaik dalam melakukan test bench fuel nozzle. Altematif yang didapatkan antara lain membangun sendiri sebuah alat test bench, membeli sebuah alat lest bench siap pakai dan melakukan subkontrak ke bengkel luar PT. MNA. Masing-masing altematif tersebut mempunyai kekurangan dan kelebihan. Kasus ini juga dipengaruhi oleh cluster atau kumpulan faktor lain yang mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan, antara lain kondisi keuangan dan administrasi.
Hasil metode dengan ANP menyarankan agar PT.MNA melakukan pembangunan test bench, karena altematif tersebut merupakan altematif terbaik yang dapat dibenarkan sesuai dengan keuangan dan administrasi yang ada di PT. MNA.
Kata kunci: ANP, dependensi, test bench fuel nozzle, cluster.
38. PERANCANGAN MATRIKS POLA MUTASI JABATAN PADA LEVEL PENANGGUNGJAWAB PELAKSANA DAN PENANGGUNGJAWAB URUSAN KANTOR PUSAT PT (PERSERO) ANGKASA PURA II (Yudi Wahyu Gumilar, 1999)

Keywords:  Human resources, Job ladder, Analytic hierarchy process

Abstract :
The primary goal of human resource management in any organization is to use human resource efficiently to reach the objectives. Making efficient use of the employee means that they able and wish to work well. The human being will work well if they were assigned in the place and task according to interest and capability. So, we must assign the employee in the job according that and also consider the need fulfillment.

One of the method that must be prepared in the human resource management is to design the job ladder. Job ladder can give employee opportunity to improve his performance. The goal of job ladder design is to mintain employee with his development according to talent and capability to work well and contribute to the organization.

PT (Persero) Angkasa Pura it have no job ladder system dearly at this time. Assigning employee to the job or determining reward was based on unclear criteria. Organization restructuring, especially in the assigning, filling, and changing the job often cause unsatisfy employee, as far as hamper the establishment as a whole.

The research was used the development of Job Evaluation Method with The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to measure the scales of job factors and subfactors. Benefit of the method is that to assign the scales, employee in lower level can contribute his opinion with filling paired comparison questionnaire. `Expert Choice° software package was applicated to ease the calculation of scales with AHP.

Job Transfer System Matrix was designed this report can use by the management to be reference in organization restructuring. The design method that was used the report can be desirable as a model to design other jobs.
39. PERANCANGAN MODEL PEMILIHAN SEKTOR  INDUSTRI UNGGULAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN  ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (Eko Liquiddanu, 2003)
Keyword : pre-eminent industry, multi criteria, analytic network process, input output, analysis structure conduct performance.

Mengingat terbatasnya dana untuk penbangunan dan pengembangan
sektor industri, maka pemerintah tidak mungkin mengembangkan
selmuh jenis sektor industri sekaligus dalam waktu yang bersamaan.
Salah satu alternatif yang ditempuh adalah menetapkan sektor industri
tertentu yang mendapatkan prioritas pengembangan. Sektor ini dikenal
dengan istilah sektor unggulan. Penentuan sektor unggulan didasarkan
atas kriteria yang ditetapkan oleh berbagai pihak yang berkepentingan.
Dalam penentuan sektor industri unggulan, metode yang digunakan oleh
Bapeda Jawa Barat adalah indeks komposit. Jika dibandingkan metode indeks komposit, metode Analytic Network Process (ANP) memiliki beberapa keunggulan antara lain bobot setiap kriteria dimungkinkan berbeda, keputusan yang diambil didasarkan atas persepsi pengambil keputusan, dan dapat dikembangkan menjadi model pengambilan keputusan secara berkelompok. Penelitian ini mencoba merancang model pemilihan sektor industri unggulan dan menentukan sektor industri yang paling layak dijadikan sektor unggulan dengan  menggunakan metode ANP. Hasil yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode ANP antara lain tingkat kepentingan kriteria (bobot kriteria) dan urutan sektor industri unggulan. Untuk bobot kriteria, hasil preferensi responden menunjukkan  bobot kriteria penyerapan tenaga kerja mendapatkan nilai yang tertinggi  yaitu 13,25 point. Selanjutnya kriteria spesialis ekspor (11,75 point), kriteria keterkaitan ke depan (11, 63) dan kriteria penarik investasi (11, 18). Dari 29 sektor industri pada tabel input output, dipilih 5 (lima) sektor yang potensial menjadi sektor unggulan. Selanjutnya berdasarkan hasil kuesioner dari para responden, terpilih sektor industri tekstil dan pakaian jadi merupakan yang mendapat prioritas pengembangan, diikuti sektor industri kulit dan sepatu, dan sektor industri makanan dan minuman
40. Decision making for Raw material Procurement in Paper making factory (Majid Azizi, 2005)

Keywords: AHP, ANP, BOCR, Paper making

Summary: The aim of this article is to determine how to select raw material supply options for papermaking factory. The decision-making is examined within the framework of benefits, opportunities, costs,and risks (BOCR). A hierarchy is used to prioritize the BOCR themselves are rioritized using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) ratings approach. A control  hierarchy is then created and prioritized using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to evaluate the “control criteria” of the system. There are a
total of 19 control criteria in the system and each controls a decision network evaluated using the ANP. The final synthesis of the system shows external procurement is the best choice.

ECOLOGY

1.    A System Analysis Approach for Assessing Sustainable Forest Management at Forest Management Unit Level (Bernhard Wolfslehner, Harald Vacik, Manfred J. Lexer, Andrea Würz, Eduard Hochbichler, Raphael Klumpp and Josef Spörk,…)

 Abstract

Resolution L2 including the Pan-European Operational Level Guidelines (PEOLG) for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) was adopted at the Third Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe in 1998. The PEOLG form a common framework of recommendations that can be used on a voluntary basis and as a complement to national and/or regional instruments to further promote sustainable forest management at the field level in forest areas in Europe. Based on these guidelines this study aims to identify and clarify the implications of an implementation of the guidelines at forest management unit (FMU) level. The implications are analysed with regard to varying economic targets, as well as to different spatial, socio-economic and bioregional frames.
A system analysis approach is presented for the development of a criteria and indicators (C&I) set from these guidelines and the theoretical evaluation of SFM. Within a Delphi survey an expert panel consisting of representatives of science, administration, forest enterprises and non-governmental organizations evaluated the C&I set with regard to validity, practicality, relevance and importance of the indicators. Possible threshold values for the quantitative indicators and the relative importance of the indicators had been derived from expert opinions. Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was adopted to structure the assessment of SFM. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is proposed to evaluate the overall cumulative importance of all indicators within the assessment model for SFM by integrating linkages and feedbacks into the decision system.
The theoretical framework will be evaluated through its practical use in several case studies. Findings from these case studies will feed back into the model development and improvement process. Forest managers might use the evaluation model as in integrated part of an ecosystem-management decision-support system to improve decision-making based on a better understanding of the effects of SFM techniques at strategic and tactical planning levels.
2.    Potentials and limitations of multi-criteria analysis methods in assessing sustainable forest management (B. Wolfslehner , )

European commitments towards sustainable forest management (SFM) are well established at the political level. However, progress in implementing the principles of SFM at the operational scale lags behind. As an option to foster this process, the application of indicators within a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) framework is proposed. 
In this contribution, Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART), the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Analytic Network Process (ANP), PROMETHEE I/II and ELECTRE III are applied to assess the performances of four management units representing different forestry regimes within a region. A recently developed set of indicators at forest management unit level is used in the analysis.
The implementation of SFM requires a holistic view on multiple goals and values, the awareness of uncertain and inhomogeneous knowledge, the guidance of stakeholder involvement and a spatially explicit long-term perspective. Against this background, the potentials and limits of each MCA method to assess SFM are compared with regard to (i) handling preferences and trade-offs between indicators, (ii) sensitivity in covering complex information on the human-ecosystem interaction, (iii) dealing with thresholds and uncertainty of value information, (iv) participatory planning and group decision making processes, and (v) communicative features.

3.    Application of the analytic network process in multi-criteria analysis of sustainable forest management ( Bernhard Wolfslehner, Harald Vacik and Manfred J. Lexer , 2004)
Abstract
Over the previous decade, sustainable forest management (SFM) has become a highly relevant topic both in forest and environmental policy. Criteria and indicators (C&I) are primarily used in implementing the principles of SFM at national, regional, and at forest management unit levels. In turning SFM from a conceptual framework into applicable guidelines at the operational scale, several limitations have to be acknowledged: (i) partial lack of knowledge, (ii) deficits about dependencies and feedbacks among system components represented by C&I, and (iii) knowledge gaps regarding impacts and related uncertainties. Several methodologies have been proposed to implement C&I-based SFM. Multi-criteria analysis is often used to analyze and evaluate multiple C&I approaches. This study compares two different multi-criteria analysis approaches: the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with a hierarchical structure and the analytic network process (ANP) with a network structure. Comparisons are made for evaluating sustainable management strategies at forest management-unit level by using a C&I approach based on the Pan-European guidelines for SFM. AHP and ANP are used to compare four different strategic management options with a set of six criteria and 43 indicators. Differences in evaluation results between AHP and ANP are discussed, as well as strengths and weaknesses of both approaches for SFM. Needs and demands are derived for successful future applications in forestry decision-making.
Keywords: Analytic hierarchy process (AHP); Analytic network process (ANP); Criteria and indicators; Multi-criteria analysis; Sustainable forest management
4.    Application of the analytic network process in multi-criteria analysis of sustainable forest management (WOLFSLEHNER Bernhard ; VACIK Harald  ; LEXER Manfred J.; LEXER Manfred J.; BROOKS Robert T. ,)

Abstract

Over the previous decade, sustainable forest management (SFM) has become a highly relevant topic both in forest and environmental policy. Criteria and indicators (C&I) are primarily used in implementing the principles of SFM at national, regional, and at forest management unit levels. In turning SFM from a conceptual framework into applicable guidelines at the operational scale, several limitations have to be acknowledged: (i) partial lack of knowledge, (ii) deficits about dependencies and feedbacks among system components represented by C&I, and (iii) knowledge gaps regarding impacts and related uncertainties. Several methodologies have been proposed to implement C&I-based SFM. Multi-criteria analysis is often used to analyze and evaluate multiple C&I approaches. This study compares two different multi-criteria analysis approaches: the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with a hierarchical structure and the analytic network process (ANP) with a network structure. Comparisons are made for evaluating sustainable management strategies at forest management-unit level by using a C&I approach based on the Pan-European guidelines for SFM. AHP and ANP are used to compare four different strategic management options with a set of six criteria and 43 indicators. Differences in evaluation results between AHP and ANP are discussed, as well as strengths and weaknesses of both approaches for SFM. Needs and demands are derived for successful future applications in forestry decision-making.

5.    Integrated Environmental Assessment of the Mid-Atlantic Region with Analytical Network Process ( Liem T. Tran , C. Gregory Knight, Robert V. O'Neill and Elizabeth R. Smith,  )

Abstract  
A decision analysis method for integrating environmental indicators was developed. This was a combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP). Being able to take into account the interdependency among variables, the method was capable of ranking ecosystems in terms of environmental conditions and suggesting cumulative impacts across a large region. Using data on land cover, population, roads, streams, air pollution, and topography of the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States, we were able to point out areas which were in relatively poor condition and/or vulnerable to future deterioration regarding various environmental aspects. The method offered an easy and comprehensive way to combine the strengths of conventional multivariate statistics (PCA) and decision-making science tool (ANP) for integrated environmental assessment.

Keywords: vulnerability assessment, PCA, ANP, environmental indicators, integrated environmental assessment, Mid-Atlantic

6.    Modelling of nitrogen dynamics in an Alpine forest ecosystem on calcareous soils: a scenario-based risk assessment under changing environmental conditions
Summary

The general objective of the research project was to evaluate the likely behaviour of an Alpine forest ecosystem on calcareous soils under a set of environmental conditions considering climate and atmospheric nitrogen deposition. The study site was the Mühlegger Köpfl in the Tyrolean limestone Alps in Austria. This is an intensively monitored research site with time series data of key elements of the nitrogen cycle as well as detailed on-site climate data. Tree species composition consists mainly of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) karst.) with some admixed beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). The environmental scenarios were: SZ1 with current climate and current N-deposition, SZ2 with a warmer climate (ca. +2.5°C mean annual temperature, +10% annual precipitation) and N-deposition reduced by 50%, SZ3 with a warmer climate and doubled N-deposition, and SZ4 with warmer climate and N-deposition as today. We were particularly interested in possible effects on N-leaching (protection of water resources!), gaseous emissions of nitrogen (relevant for climate policy!) and in the response of forest productivity and potential species composition. Key element of the research approach was the combined application of various ecosystem simulation models to analyse system behaviour. The models used were PnET-DNDC (short-term nitrogen cycling), Brook90/Hydrus (water balance), TRACE (mid- to longterm nitrogen cycling), PICUS v1.3 (forest productivity, species composition), and a model of the nitrogen balance at the research site which aimed at the integration of the individual model results. The models were applied in a “soft linkeage” approach where initial and driving conditions were identical for all models, and if possible, output of one model was used to define the boundary conditions of other models operating at different levels of resolution. Major findings were: (a) a relatively small loss of nitrogen from the soil compartment (5-7kg/ha*a) which indicates that the site may not be N-saturated yet. This is reflected by the amount of N-leaching (3-29 kg/ha*a). What needs to be considered is the uncertainty in the results, and that the annual changes in the N-pools are small compared to the total nitrogen in the soil compartment. The warmer climate will increase microbial activity and thus mineralisation and nitrification. The resulting increased mineral N might then be easily leached. The highest leaching potential occurs under scenario SZ3. Productivity of Norway spruce under the climate change scenario did not increase, but was reduced by 6.4%. While this result is somewhat unexpected, it might be due to limitations in the water balance modules of the models used for productivity estimates, because water balance calculations for heterogeneous calcareous sites are complex and always include substantial uncertainty. The potential species composition under steady state conditions responds to the warmer climate with an increase of beech and silver fir to the cost of Norway spruce. As a final step the results for the analysed environmental scenarios were evaluated by means of a network model according to Saaty´s Analytic Network Process (ANP). SZ3 with warmer climate and increased N-deposition was under all analysed preference scenarios the least favourable future environment. This clearly indicates (1) the relevance of possible future environmental changes, and (2) the importance of mitigation measures.

Key words: ecosystem modeling, model linking, nitrogen, climate change, leaching, forest productivity, multiple criteria analysis, Analytic Network Process.

7.    The evaluation of the performance, economy, ecology and safety of passenger cars using the multi-criteria optimization concept (Ranta, R. 1997)

Summary:
Summary form only given. This paper deals with the utilization of the modern evaluation tool in the field of the automotive market. Evaluation methods are often needed to optimize manufacturing in sense of sales or to estimate appropriate storage times. There can be found several examples from the literature concerning this kind of problematization. Methods themselves may often feel quite complicated. Fortunately, there are available certain software tools that contain the particular instruments for evaluating purposes. A widely used method is the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), that is included as a software tool in some books dealing with the decision making. The method used in this paper has the close relationship to the AHP. Presenting all phases of this kind of process should give researches an idea of quite simple principles of the basic priority theory. This article aims to evaluate which cars succesfully fulfil the combination of performance, economy, ecology and safety

8.    Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Create a Wildfire Model (Peter S. Johnson and Gary L. Christopherson, )

Abstract
Some of the most important questions in wildland fire modeling involve the inclusion or exclusion of anthropogenic factors. Wildfire modeling efforts in the past have focused on fire ignition, fire behavior, and fire spread characteristics with little, if any, effort made to include human values in wildfire prone environments. This lack of integration is due primarily to the difficulty in comparing wildfire variables with human landscape values. This research used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), combined with a geographic information system (GIS) to manage the integration of stakeholder opinion on spatially based wildfire and landscape value data. AHP allowed stake holders to make pairwise comparisons between competing variables and then calculated a weight for each. These weighted variables were used to produce a strategic decision support system for wildfire management that incorporated both social and natural science data.

9.    THE USE OF AHP (the Analytic Hierarchy Process) METHOD FOR IRRIGATION WATER ALLOCATION IN A SMALL RIVER BASIN (Case Study in Tampo River Basin in West Sumatra, Indonesia) (Rudi Febriamansyah, )

Abstract
This paper presents that the water management outcomes in a small river basin are the results of the interaction between the social aspects of water users and the physical aspects of the water resources. The analysis using a cultural ecology perspective to assess the relationship between these two aspects has provided a reasonable rationale to affirm that many social aspects of water users cannot be ignored when deciding or implementing a physical program that may influence the water resources system. Previous experiences have shown that any physical projects in the Tampo basin, West Sumatra, Indonesia have increased the withdraw water at the upstream part and reduce the opportunity for downstream part. As a result, changes in the demand and supply pattern in the basin have created conflict between water users along the river. It is thus clear that an integrated approach in designing and implementing a water resource development and management strategy for the Tampo basin must be used. In this regard, this study has combined the socio-institutional and physical assessment of water resource management in this basin with the AHP method to obtain the most acceptable alternative of irrigation water allocation for all water users along the river course. Since the purpose of this method is to involve the stakeholders in the decision making process, the AHP method has shown its capability to allow the stakeholders to participate in expressing their preferences to compare alternatives. The process of obtaining their preferences is done after the presentation of and discussion about the impact analysis of their proposed alternatives. Besides having the final conclusion of the acceptable water allocation pattern, this study has also collected such comments and suggestions from the spoke-persons in using the AHP. One important constraint in using the AHP is a time consuming process for ordinary small farmers in the case site. Some tricks and shortcut methods are then used to create the process of discussion and value judgments as effective as possible (320 words)

Key words: irrigation, water allocation, AHP, decision making process, river basin.

10. Evaluation of remedial countermeasures using the analytic network process. (Promentilla MA, Furuichi T, Ishii K, Tanikawa N.)

The aim of this paper is to present an evaluation method to aid decision makers in the prioritization and selection of appropriate countermeasures at the planning stage of site remediation. We introduced a hierarchical network (hiernet) decision structure and applied the Analytic Network Process (ANP) supermatrix approach to measure the relative desirability of the remedial alternatives using the decision maker's value judgment as input. A simplified illustrative example is presented to elucidate the process, as it is being applied to evaluate the feasible remedial countermeasures of a contaminated site caused by uncontrolled landfill. Four decision models derived from the generalized hiernet were examined to describe the effect of hierarchic functional dependence, inner dependence and feedback cycle on the derivation of the priority weights. The ANP could provide a more flexible analytical framework to break down one's judgment through a more elaborate structure in a systematic way to understand the complexity of the decision problem. The proposed method therefore may not only aid in selecting the best alternative but also may help to facilitate communication to understand why an alternative is preferred over the other alternatives through the analysis of the derived weights and its underlying decision structure.

11. A unified framework for multicriteria evaluation of transportation projects (Shang, J.S.; Youxu Tjader; Yizhong Ding, 2004)


Summary:
Transportation project selection is one of the most important planning activities encountered by a government, especially in a developing city. In this paper, we explore the potential of applying the analytic network process (ANP) to evaluate transportation projects in Ningbo, China. ANP differs from traditional hierarchical analysis tools in that it allows feedback and interdependence among various decision levels and criteria. Compared with the conventional transportation evaluation methods, our model has incorporated a much wider range of long-term and short-term factors, which are classified into benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks. Tactical and operational issues are taken into consideration. The evaluation framework is comprehensive and flexible, and shows great potential for helping decision-makers and others concerned with the transportation decision-making process.

12. COMPARISON OF THE ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS AND THE GRAPH MODEL FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTIONCOMPARISON OF THE PROCESS AND NETWORK ANALYTIC THE GRAPH MODEL FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION (Xin SU,Ye CHEN,Keith W. HIPEL,  )

Abstract
A comparison of two decision analysis tools for the analysis of  strategic conflicts, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and the graph model for conflict resolution, is carried out by applying them to the China-US TV dumping conflict. Firstly, the graph model is introduced along with practical procedures for modeling and analyzing conflicts using the decision support software, GMCR Ⅱ. Next, ANP is explained, emphasizing structural features and procedures for synthesizing priorities. Then a framework for employing ANP to analyze strategic conflicts is designed and used to compare ANP to the graph model. The case study of the China-US TV dumping conflict provides a basis for the graph model and ANP to be compared; different features of the approaches are highlighted. The study shows that because of different theoretical backgrounds, ANP and the graph model for conflict analysis both provide useful information which can be combined tofurnish a better understanding of a strategic conflict.

ECOLOGY

13. A System Analysis Approach for Assessing Sustainable Forest Management at Forest Management Unit Level (Bernhard Wolfslehner, Harald Vacik, Manfred J. Lexer, Andrea Würz, Eduard Hochbichler, Raphael Klumpp and Josef Spörk,…)

 Abstract

Resolution L2 including the Pan-European Operational Level Guidelines (PEOLG) for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) was adopted at the Third Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe in 1998. The PEOLG form a common framework of recommendations that can be used on a voluntary basis and as a complement to national and/or regional instruments to further promote sustainable forest management at the field level in forest areas in Europe. Based on these guidelines this study aims to identify and clarify the implications of an implementation of the guidelines at forest management unit (FMU) level. The implications are analysed with regard to varying economic targets, as well as to different spatial, socio-economic and bioregional frames.
A system analysis approach is presented for the development of a criteria and indicators (C&I) set from these guidelines and the theoretical evaluation of SFM. Within a Delphi survey an expert panel consisting of representatives of science, administration, forest enterprises and non-governmental organizations evaluated the C&I set with regard to validity, practicality, relevance and importance of the indicators. Possible threshold values for the quantitative indicators and the relative importance of the indicators had been derived from expert opinions. Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was adopted to structure the assessment of SFM. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is proposed to evaluate the overall cumulative importance of all indicators within the assessment model for SFM by integrating linkages and feedbacks into the decision system.
The theoretical framework will be evaluated through its practical use in several case studies. Findings from these case studies will feed back into the model development and improvement process. Forest managers might use the evaluation model as in integrated part of an ecosystem-management decision-support system to improve decision-making based on a better understanding of the effects of SFM techniques at strategic and tactical planning levels.
14. Potentials and limitations of multi-criteria analysis methods in assessing sustainable forest management (B. Wolfslehner , )

European commitments towards sustainable forest management (SFM) are well established at the political level. However, progress in implementing the principles of SFM at the operational scale lags behind. As an option to foster this process, the application of indicators within a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) framework is proposed. 
In this contribution, Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART), the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Analytic Network Process (ANP), PROMETHEE I/II and ELECTRE III are applied to assess the performances of four management units representing different forestry regimes within a region. A recently developed set of indicators at forest management unit level is used in the analysis.
The implementation of SFM requires a holistic view on multiple goals and values, the awareness of uncertain and inhomogeneous knowledge, the guidance of stakeholder involvement and a spatially explicit long-term perspective. Against this background, the potentials and limits of each MCA method to assess SFM are compared with regard to (i) handling preferences and trade-offs between indicators, (ii) sensitivity in covering complex information on the human-ecosystem interaction, (iii) dealing with thresholds and uncertainty of value information, (iv) participatory planning and group decision making processes, and (v) communicative features.

15. Application of the analytic network process in multi-criteria analysis of sustainable forest management ( Bernhard Wolfslehner, Harald Vacik and Manfred J. Lexer , 2004)
Abstract
Over the previous decade, sustainable forest management (SFM) has become a highly relevant topic both in forest and environmental policy. Criteria and indicators (C&I) are primarily used in implementing the principles of SFM at national, regional, and at forest management unit levels. In turning SFM from a conceptual framework into applicable guidelines at the operational scale, several limitations have to be acknowledged: (i) partial lack of knowledge, (ii) deficits about dependencies and feedbacks among system components represented by C&I, and (iii) knowledge gaps regarding impacts and related uncertainties. Several methodologies have been proposed to implement C&I-based SFM. Multi-criteria analysis is often used to analyze and evaluate multiple C&I approaches. This study compares two different multi-criteria analysis approaches: the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with a hierarchical structure and the analytic network process (ANP) with a network structure. Comparisons are made for evaluating sustainable management strategies at forest management-unit level by using a C&I approach based on the Pan-European guidelines for SFM. AHP and ANP are used to compare four different strategic management options with a set of six criteria and 43 indicators. Differences in evaluation results between AHP and ANP are discussed, as well as strengths and weaknesses of both approaches for SFM. Needs and demands are derived for successful future applications in forestry decision-making.
Keywords: Analytic hierarchy process (AHP); Analytic network process (ANP); Criteria and indicators; Multi-criteria analysis; Sustainable forest management
16. Application of the analytic network process in multi-criteria analysis of sustainable forest management (WOLFSLEHNER Bernhard ; VACIK Harald  ; LEXER Manfred J.; LEXER Manfred J.; BROOKS Robert T. ,)

Abstract

Over the previous decade, sustainable forest management (SFM) has become a highly relevant topic both in forest and environmental policy. Criteria and indicators (C&I) are primarily used in implementing the principles of SFM at national, regional, and at forest management unit levels. In turning SFM from a conceptual framework into applicable guidelines at the operational scale, several limitations have to be acknowledged: (i) partial lack of knowledge, (ii) deficits about dependencies and feedbacks among system components represented by C&I, and (iii) knowledge gaps regarding impacts and related uncertainties. Several methodologies have been proposed to implement C&I-based SFM. Multi-criteria analysis is often used to analyze and evaluate multiple C&I approaches. This study compares two different multi-criteria analysis approaches: the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with a hierarchical structure and the analytic network process (ANP) with a network structure. Comparisons are made for evaluating sustainable management strategies at forest management-unit level by using a C&I approach based on the Pan-European guidelines for SFM. AHP and ANP are used to compare four different strategic management options with a set of six criteria and 43 indicators. Differences in evaluation results between AHP and ANP are discussed, as well as strengths and weaknesses of both approaches for SFM. Needs and demands are derived for successful future applications in forestry decision-making.

17. Integrated Environmental Assessment of the Mid-Atlantic Region with Analytical Network Process ( Liem T. Tran , C. Gregory Knight, Robert V. O'Neill and Elizabeth R. Smith,  )

Abstract  
A decision analysis method for integrating environmental indicators was developed. This was a combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP). Being able to take into account the interdependency among variables, the method was capable of ranking ecosystems in terms of environmental conditions and suggesting cumulative impacts across a large region. Using data on land cover, population, roads, streams, air pollution, and topography of the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States, we were able to point out areas which were in relatively poor condition and/or vulnerable to future deterioration regarding various environmental aspects. The method offered an easy and comprehensive way to combine the strengths of conventional multivariate statistics (PCA) and decision-making science tool (ANP) for integrated environmental assessment.

Keywords: vulnerability assessment, PCA, ANP, environmental indicators, integrated environmental assessment, Mid-Atlantic

18. Modelling of nitrogen dynamics in an Alpine forest ecosystem on calcareous soils: a scenario-based risk assessment under changing environmental conditions
Summary

The general objective of the research project was to evaluate the likely behaviour of an Alpine forest ecosystem on calcareous soils under a set of environmental conditions considering climate and atmospheric nitrogen deposition. The study site was the Mühlegger Köpfl in the Tyrolean limestone Alps in Austria. This is an intensively monitored research site with time series data of key elements of the nitrogen cycle as well as detailed on-site climate data. Tree species composition consists mainly of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) karst.) with some admixed beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). The environmental scenarios were: SZ1 with current climate and current N-deposition, SZ2 with a warmer climate (ca. +2.5°C mean annual temperature, +10% annual precipitation) and N-deposition reduced by 50%, SZ3 with a warmer climate and doubled N-deposition, and SZ4 with warmer climate and N-deposition as today. We were particularly interested in possible effects on N-leaching (protection of water resources!), gaseous emissions of nitrogen (relevant for climate policy!) and in the response of forest productivity and potential species composition. Key element of the research approach was the combined application of various ecosystem simulation models to analyse system behaviour. The models used were PnET-DNDC (short-term nitrogen cycling), Brook90/Hydrus (water balance), TRACE (mid- to longterm nitrogen cycling), PICUS v1.3 (forest productivity, species composition), and a model of the nitrogen balance at the research site which aimed at the integration of the individual model results. The models were applied in a “soft linkeage” approach where initial and driving conditions were identical for all models, and if possible, output of one model was used to define the boundary conditions of other models operating at different levels of resolution. Major findings were: (a) a relatively small loss of nitrogen from the soil compartment (5-7kg/ha*a) which indicates that the site may not be N-saturated yet. This is reflected by the amount of N-leaching (3-29 kg/ha*a). What needs to be considered is the uncertainty in the results, and that the annual changes in the N-pools are small compared to the total nitrogen in the soil compartment. The warmer climate will increase microbial activity and thus mineralisation and nitrification. The resulting increased mineral N might then be easily leached. The highest leaching potential occurs under scenario SZ3. Productivity of Norway spruce under the climate change scenario did not increase, but was reduced by 6.4%. While this result is somewhat unexpected, it might be due to limitations in the water balance modules of the models used for productivity estimates, because water balance calculations for heterogeneous calcareous sites are complex and always include substantial uncertainty. The potential species composition under steady state conditions responds to the warmer climate with an increase of beech and silver fir to the cost of Norway spruce. As a final step the results for the analysed environmental scenarios were evaluated by means of a network model according to Saaty´s Analytic Network Process (ANP). SZ3 with warmer climate and increased N-deposition was under all analysed preference scenarios the least favourable future environment. This clearly indicates (1) the relevance of possible future environmental changes, and (2) the importance of mitigation measures.

Key words: ecosystem modeling, model linking, nitrogen, climate change, leaching, forest productivity, multiple criteria analysis, Analytic Network Process.

19. The evaluation of the performance, economy, ecology and safety of passenger cars using the multi-criteria optimization concept (Ranta, R. 1997)

Summary:
Summary form only given. This paper deals with the utilization of the modern evaluation tool in the field of the automotive market. Evaluation methods are often needed to optimize manufacturing in sense of sales or to estimate appropriate storage times. There can be found several examples from the literature concerning this kind of problematization. Methods themselves may often feel quite complicated. Fortunately, there are available certain software tools that contain the particular instruments for evaluating purposes. A widely used method is the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), that is included as a software tool in some books dealing with the decision making. The method used in this paper has the close relationship to the AHP. Presenting all phases of this kind of process should give researches an idea of quite simple principles of the basic priority theory. This article aims to evaluate which cars succesfully fulfil the combination of performance, economy, ecology and safety

20. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Create a Wildfire Model (Peter S. Johnson and Gary L. Christopherson, )

Abstract
Some of the most important questions in wildland fire modeling involve the inclusion or exclusion of anthropogenic factors. Wildfire modeling efforts in the past have focused on fire ignition, fire behavior, and fire spread characteristics with little, if any, effort made to include human values in wildfire prone environments. This lack of integration is due primarily to the difficulty in comparing wildfire variables with human landscape values. This research used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), combined with a geographic information system (GIS) to manage the integration of stakeholder opinion on spatially based wildfire and landscape value data. AHP allowed stake holders to make pairwise comparisons between competing variables and then calculated a weight for each. These weighted variables were used to produce a strategic decision support system for wildfire management that incorporated both social and natural science data.

21. THE USE OF AHP (the Analytic Hierarchy Process) METHOD FOR IRRIGATION WATER ALLOCATION IN A SMALL RIVER BASIN (Case Study in Tampo River Basin in West Sumatra, Indonesia) (Rudi Febriamansyah, )

Abstract
This paper presents that the water management outcomes in a small river basin are the results of the interaction between the social aspects of water users and the physical aspects of the water resources. The analysis using a cultural ecology perspective to assess the relationship between these two aspects has provided a reasonable rationale to affirm that many social aspects of water users cannot be ignored when deciding or implementing a physical program that may influence the water resources system. Previous experiences have shown that any physical projects in the Tampo basin, West Sumatra, Indonesia have increased the withdraw water at the upstream part and reduce the opportunity for downstream part. As a result, changes in the demand and supply pattern in the basin have created conflict between water users along the river. It is thus clear that an integrated approach in designing and implementing a water resource development and management strategy for the Tampo basin must be used. In this regard, this study has combined the socio-institutional and physical assessment of water resource management in this basin with the AHP method to obtain the most acceptable alternative of irrigation water allocation for all water users along the river course. Since the purpose of this method is to involve the stakeholders in the decision making process, the AHP method has shown its capability to allow the stakeholders to participate in expressing their preferences to compare alternatives. The process of obtaining their preferences is done after the presentation of and discussion about the impact analysis of their proposed alternatives. Besides having the final conclusion of the acceptable water allocation pattern, this study has also collected such comments and suggestions from the spoke-persons in using the AHP. One important constraint in using the AHP is a time consuming process for ordinary small farmers in the case site. Some tricks and shortcut methods are then used to create the process of discussion and value judgments as effective as possible (320 words)

Key words: irrigation, water allocation, AHP, decision making process, river basin.

22. Evaluation of remedial countermeasures using the analytic network process. (Promentilla MA, Furuichi T, Ishii K, Tanikawa N.)

The aim of this paper is to present an evaluation method to aid decision makers in the prioritization and selection of appropriate countermeasures at the planning stage of site remediation. We introduced a hierarchical network (hiernet) decision structure and applied the Analytic Network Process (ANP) supermatrix approach to measure the relative desirability of the remedial alternatives using the decision maker's value judgment as input. A simplified illustrative example is presented to elucidate the process, as it is being applied to evaluate the feasible remedial countermeasures of a contaminated site caused by uncontrolled landfill. Four decision models derived from the generalized hiernet were examined to describe the effect of hierarchic functional dependence, inner dependence and feedback cycle on the derivation of the priority weights. The ANP could provide a more flexible analytical framework to break down one's judgment through a more elaborate structure in a systematic way to understand the complexity of the decision problem. The proposed method therefore may not only aid in selecting the best alternative but also may help to facilitate communication to understand why an alternative is preferred over the other alternatives through the analysis of the derived weights and its underlying decision structure.

23. A unified framework for multicriteria evaluation of transportation projects (Shang, J.S.; Youxu Tjader; Yizhong Ding, 2004)


Summary:
Transportation project selection is one of the most important planning activities encountered by a government, especially in a developing city. In this paper, we explore the potential of applying the analytic network process (ANP) to evaluate transportation projects in Ningbo, China. ANP differs from traditional hierarchical analysis tools in that it allows feedback and interdependence among various decision levels and criteria. Compared with the conventional transportation evaluation methods, our model has incorporated a much wider range of long-term and short-term factors, which are classified into benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks. Tactical and operational issues are taken into consideration. The evaluation framework is comprehensive and flexible, and shows great potential for helping decision-makers and others concerned with the transportation decision-making process.

24. COMPARISON OF THE ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS AND THE GRAPH MODEL FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTIONCOMPARISON OF THE PROCESS AND NETWORK ANALYTIC THE GRAPH MODEL FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION (Xin SU,Ye CHEN,Keith W. HIPEL,  )

Abstract
A comparison of two decision analysis tools for the analysis of  strategic conflicts, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and the graph model for conflict resolution, is carried out by applying them to the China-US TV dumping conflict. Firstly, the graph model is introduced along with practical procedures for modeling and analyzing conflicts using the decision support software, GMCR Ⅱ. Next, ANP is explained, emphasizing structural features and procedures for synthesizing priorities. Then a framework for employing ANP to analyze strategic conflicts is designed and used to compare ANP to the graph model. The case study of the China-US TV dumping conflict provides a basis for the graph model and ANP to be compared; different features of the approaches are highlighted. The study shows that because of different theoretical backgrounds, ANP and the graph model for conflict analysis both provide useful information which can be combined tofurnish a better understanding of a strategic conflict.